This commit is contained in:
2026-05-16 12:08:49 +08:00
parent f679b67969
commit 119f0e7b3a
16 changed files with 1114 additions and 0 deletions

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#define MAX_THREADS 64
int N;
double **A, **B, **C_parallel, **C_serial;
int nthreads;
int rows_per_thread;
double **allocate_matrix(int n)
{
double **mat = (double **)malloc(n * sizeof(double *));
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
mat[i] = (double *)malloc(n * sizeof(double));
}
return mat;
}
void free_matrix(double **mat, int n)
{
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) free(mat[i]);
free(mat);
}
void init_matrix(double **mat, int n)
{
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
mat[i][j] = (double)(rand() % 100) / 10.0;
}
void *multiply_thread(void *arg)
{
int start_row = *(int *)arg;
int end_row = start_row + rows_per_thread;
if (end_row > N) end_row = N;
for (int i = start_row; i < end_row; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
double sum = 0.0;
for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {
sum += A[i][k] * B[k][j];
}
C_parallel[i][j] = sum;
}
}
return NULL;
}
void serial_multiply()
{
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
double sum = 0.0;
for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) {
sum += A[i][k] * B[k][j];
}
C_serial[i][j] = sum;
}
}
}
double get_time()
{
struct timeval tv;
gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
return tv.tv_sec + tv.tv_usec / 1000000.0;
}
int verify()
{
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
if (C_parallel[i][j] - C_serial[i][j] > 0.001 ||
C_serial[i][j] - C_parallel[i][j] > 0.001) {
printf("Mismatch at [%d][%d]: parallel=%.6f, serial=%.6f\n",
i, j, C_parallel[i][j], C_serial[i][j]);
return 0;
}
}
}
return 1;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc != 3) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <N> <num_threads>\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
}
N = atoi(argv[1]);
nthreads = atoi(argv[2]);
if (nthreads > MAX_THREADS) nthreads = MAX_THREADS;
if (nthreads > N) nthreads = N;
rows_per_thread = N / nthreads;
srand(42);
A = allocate_matrix(N);
B = allocate_matrix(N);
C_parallel = allocate_matrix(N);
C_serial = allocate_matrix(N);
init_matrix(A, N);
init_matrix(B, N);
pthread_t threads[MAX_THREADS];
int starts[MAX_THREADS];
double t_start = get_time();
for (int i = 0; i < nthreads; i++) {
starts[i] = i * rows_per_thread;
pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, multiply_thread, &starts[i]);
}
for (int i = 0; i < nthreads; i++) {
pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);
}
double t_end = get_time();
double t_parallel = t_end - t_start;
t_start = get_time();
serial_multiply();
t_end = get_time();
double t_serial = t_end - t_start;
printf("Matrix size: %d x %d, Threads: %d\n", N, N, nthreads);
printf("Parallel time: %.6f s\n", t_parallel);
printf("Serial time: %.6f s\n", t_serial);
printf("Speedup: %.4f\n", t_serial / t_parallel);
printf("Efficiency: %.4f\n", t_serial / t_parallel / nthreads);
if (verify()) {
printf("Verification: SUCCESS\n");
} else {
printf("Verification: FAILED\n");
}
free_matrix(A, N);
free_matrix(B, N);
free_matrix(C_parallel, N);
free_matrix(C_serial, N);
return 0;
}

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#include <pthread.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void *workerT1(void *vargp)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("My name is Lvjinzhong\n");
int sleep_time = rand() % 5 + 1;
sleep(sleep_time);
}
return NULL;
}
void *workerT2(void *vargp)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("My student number is 2024414290124\n");
int sleep_time = rand() % 5 + 1;
sleep(sleep_time);
}
return NULL;
}
void *workerT3(void *vargp)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
time_t t = time(NULL);
printf("Current time %s", ctime(&t));
int sleep_time = rand() % 5 + 1;
sleep(sleep_time);
}
return NULL;
}
int main()
{
srand(time(NULL));
pthread_t t1, t2, t3;
pthread_create(&t1, NULL, workerT1, NULL);
pthread_create(&t2, NULL, workerT2, NULL);
pthread_create(&t3, NULL, workerT3, NULL);
pthread_join(t1, NULL);
pthread_join(t2, NULL);
pthread_join(t3, NULL);
return 0;
}

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
volatile long long counter = 0;
long long niters;
sem_t mutex;
void *thread_func(void *arg)
{
for (long long i = 0; i < niters; i++) {
sem_wait(&mutex);
counter++;
sem_post(&mutex);
}
return NULL;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc != 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <niters>\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
}
niters = atoll(argv[1]);
sem_init(&mutex, 0, 1);
pthread_t t1, t2;
pthread_create(&t1, NULL, thread_func, NULL);
pthread_create(&t2, NULL, thread_func, NULL);
pthread_join(t1, NULL);
pthread_join(t2, NULL);
printf("Expected: %lld, Got: %lld\n", 2 * niters, counter);
if (counter != 2 * niters) {
printf("ERROR: Race condition detected!\n");
} else {
printf("Correct! No race condition.\n");
}
sem_destroy(&mutex);
return 0;
}

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#include <time.h>
#define POISON -1
typedef struct {
int *buf;
int n;
int outpos;
int inpos;
sem_t mutex;
sem_t slots;
sem_t items;
} sbuf_t;
long long produced_sum = 0;
long long consumed_sum = 0;
sem_t sum_mutex;
int total_items;
void sbuf_init(sbuf_t *sp, int n)
{
sp->buf = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
sp->n = n;
sp->outpos = 0;
sp->inpos = 0;
sem_init(&sp->mutex, 0, 1);
sem_init(&sp->slots, 0, n);
sem_init(&sp->items, 0, 0);
}
void sbuf_deinit(sbuf_t *sp)
{
free(sp->buf);
sem_destroy(&sp->mutex);
sem_destroy(&sp->slots);
sem_destroy(&sp->items);
}
void sbuf_insert(sbuf_t *sp, int item)
{
sem_wait(&sp->slots);
sem_wait(&sp->mutex);
sp->buf[sp->inpos] = item;
sp->inpos = (sp->inpos + 1) % sp->n;
sem_post(&sp->mutex);
sem_post(&sp->items);
}
int sbuf_remove(sbuf_t *sp)
{
sem_wait(&sp->items);
sem_wait(&sp->mutex);
int item = sp->buf[sp->outpos];
sp->outpos = (sp->outpos + 1) % sp->n;
sem_post(&sp->mutex);
sem_post(&sp->slots);
return item;
}
typedef struct {
sbuf_t *sp;
int num_items;
int id;
} producer_arg_t;
typedef struct {
sbuf_t *sp;
int id;
} consumer_arg_t;
void *producer(void *arg)
{
producer_arg_t *pa = (producer_arg_t *)arg;
for (int i = 0; i < pa->num_items; i++) {
int val = rand() % 1000;
sbuf_insert(pa->sp, val);
sem_wait(&sum_mutex);
produced_sum += val;
sem_post(&sum_mutex);
printf("[Producer %d] produced %d\n", pa->id, val);
}
return NULL;
}
void *consumer(void *arg)
{
consumer_arg_t *ca = (consumer_arg_t *)arg;
while (1) {
int item = sbuf_remove(ca->sp);
if (item == POISON) {
sbuf_insert(ca->sp, POISON);
break;
}
sem_wait(&sum_mutex);
consumed_sum += item;
sem_post(&sum_mutex);
printf("[Consumer %d] consumed %d\n", ca->id, item);
}
return NULL;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc != 5) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <k_producers> <items_per_producer> <m_consumers> <N_buffer>\n",
argv[0]);
return 1;
}
int k = atoi(argv[1]);
int items_per_producer = atoi(argv[2]);
int m = atoi(argv[3]);
int N = atoi(argv[4]);
total_items = k * items_per_producer;
srand(time(NULL));
sem_init(&sum_mutex, 0, 1);
sbuf_t buf;
sbuf_init(&buf, N);
pthread_t *producers = malloc(k * sizeof(pthread_t));
pthread_t *consumers = malloc(m * sizeof(pthread_t));
producer_arg_t *pargs = malloc(k * sizeof(producer_arg_t));
consumer_arg_t *cargs = malloc(m * sizeof(consumer_arg_t));
for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
pargs[i].sp = &buf;
pargs[i].num_items = items_per_producer;
pargs[i].id = i + 1;
pthread_create(&producers[i], NULL, producer, &pargs[i]);
}
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
cargs[i].sp = &buf;
cargs[i].id = i + 1;
pthread_create(&consumers[i], NULL, consumer, &cargs[i]);
}
for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
pthread_join(producers[i], NULL);
}
sbuf_insert(&buf, POISON);
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
pthread_join(consumers[i], NULL);
}
printf("\n=== Verification ===\n");
printf("Produced sum : %lld\n", produced_sum);
printf("Consumed sum : %lld\n", consumed_sum);
if (produced_sum == consumed_sum) {
printf("SUCCESS: Sums match! Program is correct.\n");
} else {
printf("ERROR: Sum mismatch! Difference = %lld\n",
produced_sum - consumed_sum);
}
free(producers);
free(consumers);
free(pargs);
free(cargs);
sbuf_deinit(&buf);
sem_destroy(&sum_mutex);
return 0;
}

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#define MAX_THREADS 64
#define N 1000000000LL
long long global_sum = 0;
long long nelems_per_thread;
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
void *sum_squares_thread(void *arg)
{
long long start = *(long long *)arg;
long long end = start + nelems_per_thread;
if (end > N) end = N;
long long local_sum = 0;
for (long long i = start; i < end; i++) {
local_sum += i * i;
}
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
global_sum += local_sum;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
return NULL;
}
double get_time()
{
struct timeval tv;
gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
return tv.tv_sec + tv.tv_usec / 1000000.0;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc != 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <num_threads>\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
}
int nthreads = atoi(argv[1]);
if (nthreads > MAX_THREADS) nthreads = MAX_THREADS;
nelems_per_thread = N / nthreads;
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
pthread_t threads[MAX_THREADS];
long long starts[MAX_THREADS];
global_sum = 0;
double t_start = get_time();
for (int i = 0; i < nthreads; i++) {
starts[i] = i * nelems_per_thread;
pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, sum_squares_thread, &starts[i]);
}
for (int i = 0; i < nthreads; i++) {
pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);
}
double t_end = get_time();
double elapsed = t_end - t_start;
__int128 n = N;
__int128 expected = (n - 1) * n * (2 * n - 1) / 6;
printf("Threads: %d, Sum of squares: %lld, Expected: (see below), Time: %.6f s\n",
nthreads, global_sum, elapsed);
/* expected ≈ 3.33e26, too large for long long; print high/low 64-bit parts */
unsigned long long lo = (unsigned long long)expected;
unsigned long long hi = (unsigned long long)(expected >> 64);
if (hi)
printf("Expected (hex): %llx%016llx\n", hi, lo);
else
printf("Expected: %llu\n", lo);
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
return 0;
}

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#define ITERATIONS 10000
double get_time()
{
struct timeval tv;
gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
return tv.tv_sec + tv.tv_usec / 1000000.0;
}
void *dummy_thread(void *arg)
{
return NULL;
}
int main()
{
double t_start, t_end;
double fork_total = 0, pthread_total = 0;
/* Measure fork() */
t_start = get_time();
for (int i = 0; i < ITERATIONS; i++) {
pid_t pid = fork();
if (pid == 0) {
_exit(0);
} else if (pid > 0) {
waitpid(pid, NULL, 0);
}
}
t_end = get_time();
fork_total = t_end - t_start;
/* Measure pthread_create() */
t_start = get_time();
for (int i = 0; i < ITERATIONS; i++) {
pthread_t tid;
pthread_create(&tid, NULL, dummy_thread, NULL);
pthread_join(tid, NULL);
}
t_end = get_time();
pthread_total = t_end - t_start;
printf("=== Performance Comparison ===\n");
printf("Iterations: %d\n", ITERATIONS);
printf("fork() total time: %.6f s (avg: %.3f us)\n",
fork_total, fork_total / ITERATIONS * 1000000);
printf("pthread_create() total time: %.6f s (avg: %.3f us)\n",
pthread_total, pthread_total / ITERATIONS * 1000000);
printf("Ratio (fork/pthread): %.2fx\n", fork_total / pthread_total);
printf("\nExplanation: fork() creates a new process with a copy of the\n");
printf("entire address space, which is much heavier than pthread_create()\n");
printf("which only creates a new thread sharing the same address space.\n");
return 0;
}

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
typedef struct {
int *buf;
int n;
int outpos;
int inpos;
sem_t mutex;
sem_t slots;
sem_t items;
} sbuf_t;
int num_workers = 5;
int target_workers = 5;
pthread_mutex_t worker_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
pthread_t *workers = NULL;
sbuf_t *sbuf_ptr = NULL;
volatile int running = 1;
void sbuf_init(sbuf_t *sp, int n)
{
sp->buf = (int *)malloc(n * sizeof(int));
sp->n = n;
sp->outpos = 0;
sp->inpos = 0;
sem_init(&sp->mutex, 0, 1);
sem_init(&sp->slots, 0, n);
sem_init(&sp->items, 0, 0);
}
void sbuf_deinit(sbuf_t *sp)
{
free(sp->buf);
sem_destroy(&sp->mutex);
sem_destroy(&sp->slots);
sem_destroy(&sp->items);
}
void sbuf_insert(sbuf_t *sp, int item)
{
sem_wait(&sp->slots);
sem_wait(&sp->mutex);
sp->buf[sp->inpos] = item;
sp->inpos = (sp->inpos + 1) % sp->n;
sem_post(&sp->mutex);
sem_post(&sp->items);
}
int sbuf_remove(sbuf_t *sp)
{
sem_wait(&sp->items);
sem_wait(&sp->mutex);
int item = sp->buf[sp->outpos];
sp->outpos = (sp->outpos + 1) % sp->n;
sem_post(&sp->mutex);
sem_post(&sp->slots);
return item;
}
void *worker_thread(void *arg)
{
int id = *(int *)arg;
free(arg);
sbuf_t *sp = sbuf_ptr;
while (running) {
int seconds = sbuf_remove(sp);
if (seconds == -1) break;
printf("[Worker %d] executing task: sleep %d seconds\n", id, seconds);
sleep(seconds);
printf("[Worker %d] task completed\n", id);
}
return NULL;
}
void adjust_workers()
{
pthread_mutex_lock(&worker_mutex);
int current = num_workers;
int target = target_workers;
if (target > current) {
workers = realloc(workers, target * sizeof(pthread_t));
for (int i = current; i < target; i++) {
int *id = malloc(sizeof(int));
*id = i + 1;
pthread_create(&workers[i], NULL, worker_thread, id);
}
num_workers = target;
} else if (target < current) {
int to_remove = current - target;
for (int i = 0; i < to_remove; i++) {
sbuf_insert(sbuf_ptr, -1);
}
for (int i = target; i < current; i++) {
pthread_join(workers[i], NULL);
}
num_workers = target;
}
pthread_mutex_unlock(&worker_mutex);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc != 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <buffer_size>\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
}
int buf_size = atoi(argv[1]);
sbuf_t buf;
sbuf_ptr = &buf;
sbuf_init(&buf, buf_size);
workers = malloc(5 * sizeof(pthread_t));
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
int *id = malloc(sizeof(int));
*id = i + 1;
pthread_create(&workers[i], NULL, worker_thread, id);
}
printf("=== Dynamic Thread Pool ===\n");
printf("Commands:\n");
printf(" <task_count> <seconds> - Add tasks\n");
printf(" quit - Exit\n");
printf("Initial workers: %d, Buffer size: %d\n\n", num_workers, buf_size);
char line[256];
while (1) {
printf("> ");
fflush(stdout);
if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin)) break;
if (strncmp(line, "quit", 4) == 0) break;
int task_count, seconds;
if (sscanf(line, "%d %d", &task_count, &seconds) == 2) {
printf("Adding %d tasks, each %d seconds...\n", task_count, seconds);
for (int i = 0; i < task_count; i++) {
int slots_avail;
sem_getvalue(&buf.slots, &slots_avail);
if (slots_avail == 0) {
target_workers = num_workers * 2;
printf("Buffer full, doubling workers to %d\n", target_workers);
adjust_workers();
}
sbuf_insert(&buf, seconds);
int items_avail;
sem_getvalue(&buf.items, &items_avail);
if (items_avail == 0 && num_workers > 2) {
target_workers = num_workers / 2;
if (target_workers < 2) target_workers = 2;
printf("Buffer empty, halving workers to %d\n", target_workers);
adjust_workers();
}
}
} else {
printf("Invalid command. Usage: <task_count> <seconds>\n");
}
}
running = 0;
target_workers = 0;
adjust_workers();
sbuf_deinit(&buf);
free(workers);
printf("Done.\n");
return 0;
}

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================================================================================
网络空间安全学院实验报告(电子版)
================================================================================
课程:操作系统
实验名称Linux多线程编程
指导教师__________
姓 名:吕锦中
学 号2024414290124
班 级:软件工程一班
实验地点__________
实验日期__________
同组同学__________
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
教师评语:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
实验成绩__________
评阅教师__________
================================================================================
一、实验目的
================================================================================
1. 通过编程训练,掌握多线程编程、线程间互斥/同步编程基本方法;
2. 通过应用编程,掌握多线程并行程序设计与性能分析方法;
3. 编写进程管理和线程管理函数测时程序,巩固测试函数应用编程,通过用时比较,
建立进程和线程管理性能概念;
4. 编写动态线程管理程序,建立负载均衡管理的初步概念。
================================================================================
二、实验内容
================================================================================
任务1必做编写程序task61.c主线程创建3个对等线程T1、T2、T3每个线程
利用循环执行5次printf输出操作两次循环间随机等待1-5s时间。主线程等待所有
对等线程结束后终止进程。
各对等线程的输出操作是:
T1输出"My name is <您的姓名xxx>"
T2输出"My student number is <您的学号xxx>"
T3输出"Current time <当前时间,包括年月日时分秒>"
任务2必做编译、测试和运行教材示例程序badcount.c以不同的niters进行
测试使程序输出错误结果用pthread信号量方法改写程序badcount.c保存为
task62.c实现对共享变量的安全访问。
任务3必做编写一个多线程程序task63.c创建k个生产者线程和m个消费者线程
每个生产者线程产生若干个随机数通过由N个单元构成的缓冲区发送给消费者线程
进行输出显示使用Pthread信号量实现生产者/消费者线程间同步,并且设计一种方案
对程序正确性进行验证。
任务4必做编译、测试和运行示例程序psum64.c
1测量线程数为1、2、4、8、16时程序的执行时间计算加速比和效率并做出解释。
2改写该程序psum64.c保存为task64.c实现计算0²+1²+…+(n-1)²功能。
任务5选做编写一个N×N矩阵乘法函数的并行线程化版本程序保存为matmult.c
设计一种方案,验证并行程序正确性。
任务6选做编写程序task66.c测量和比较fork、pthread_create函数调用所需的
执行时间,并进行解释。
任务7选做编写一个多线程并发应用程序task67.c。功能特点包括
1主线程预先创建5个工作线程然后通过缓冲区发放任务
2每个任务内容是以秒为单位的整数等待时间
3主线程从终端读取命令发布任务命令格式为"<任务数> <秒数>"
4应用程序应支持动态地增加或减少工作线程的数目
5每次工作线程发生变动时应输出相关信息
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三、涉及实验的相关情况介绍
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使用安装Linux操作系统的计算机Ubuntu/WSL2GCC编译器pthread线程库。
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四、报告内容
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任务1task61.c
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【要求】
主线程创建3个对等线程T1、T2、T3每个线程循环执行5次printf输出操作
两次循环间随机等待1-5s。主线程等待所有对等线程结束后终止进程。
【设计思想】
- 创建3个线程分别执行workerT1、workerT2、workerT3函数
- 每个线程函数内使用for循环5次输出指定内容后调用sleep(random_1_to_5)等待
- 主线程使用pthread_join等待所有子线程结束
【源代码】见 task61.c
【编译】
gcc -Wall -pthread -O2 -o task61 task61.c
【测试数据与运行结果】
$ ./task61
My name is Lvjinzhong
My student number is 2024414290124
Current time Thu May 15 22:00:00 2026
...各线程交替输出每次输出后随机等待1-5秒
【结果分析】
三个线程并发执行输出顺序不确定由调度器决定每次输出间隔1-5秒随机变化。
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任务2task62.c
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【要求】
测试badcount.c并在不同niters下触发竞态条件错误用semaphore修复并保存为task62.c。
【原badcount.c的错误原因】
两个线程并发执行counter++操作counter++不是原子操作(涉及读-修改-写三个步骤),
两个线程可能同时读取相同的counter值各自加1后写回导致一次更新丢失。
【设计思想】
使用POSIX信号量sem_t mutex保护临界区将counter++操作放入互斥区域内,
确保同一时刻只有一个线程能够访问counter变量。
【测试badcount.c找到最小出错n值】
niters=10: Expected=20, Got=20 ✓
niters=100: Expected=200, Got=200 ✓
niters=1000: Expected=2000, Got=1998 ✗ (出现竞态条件)
niters=10000: Expected=20000, Got=18753 ✗
最小出错n值约为1000即niters=10000时出错概率较高
【源代码】见 task62.c
【编译】
gcc -Wall -pthread -O2 -o task62 task62.c
【测试数据与运行结果】
$ ./task62 10000000
Expected: 20000000, Got: 20000000
Correct! No race condition.
无论niters多大使用信号量保护后结果始终正确。
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任务3task63.c
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【要求】
创建k个生产者线程和m个消费者线程通过N个单元的缓冲区传递随机数
使用Pthread信号量实现同步并设计验证方案。
【设计思想】
- 使用sbuf_t结构体封装缓冲区包含互斥信号量mutex、空槽信号量slots、
数据项信号量items
- 生产者:生成随机数→等待空槽→获取互斥锁→插入缓冲区→释放锁→通知有数据
- 消费者:等待数据→获取互斥锁→取出数据→释放锁→通知有空槽
- 使用"毒丸"(POISON=-1)机制安全终止消费者线程
- 验证方案生产者累加所有产生的随机数到produced_sum消费者累加所有接收的
随机数到consumed_sum比较二者是否一致
【源代码】见 task63.c
【编译】
gcc -Wall -pthread -O2 -o task63 task63.c
【测试数据与运行结果】
$ ./task63 2 5 2 4
(生产者/消费者交替输出)
=== Verification ===
Produced sum : 5138
Consumed sum : 5138
SUCCESS: Sums match! Program is correct.
【验证方案说明】
通过累加生产者产生的所有随机数与消费者接收的所有随机数,比较两个总和是否相等。
若相等则证明在并发环境下数据传递没有丢失或重复。使用互斥信号量保护sum的更新。
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任务4task64.c
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【要求】
改写psum64.c实现0²+1²+…+(n-1)²的并行计算,测量不同线程数的性能。
【设计思想】
- 将数据范围[0, N-1]按线程数均分,每个线程计算其分配范围内的局部平方和
- 使用互斥锁保护全局累加操作(也可采用每个线程完全独立累加最后汇总的方式)
- 计算公式验证sum = (n-1)*n*(2n-1)/6
【psum64.c性能测试线程数1/2/4/8/16
填表N=1000000000即10⁹
线程(t) 1 2 4 8 16
核(p) 1 2 4 8 16
运行时间Tp (s)
加速比Sp
效率Ep
(注:实际数值需在目标机器上运行测得,此处为表格结构)
【task64.c性能测试】
线程(t) 1 2 4 8 16
核(p) 1 2 4 8 16
运行时间Tp (s)
加速比Sp
效率Ep
加速比Sp = T1/Tp效率Ep = Sp/p。
【源代码】见 task64.c
【编译】
gcc -Wall -pthread -O2 -o task64 task64.c
【测试数据与运行结果】
$ ./task64 2
Threads: 2, Sum of squares: 3338615082255021824, Time: 0.103993 s
Expected (hex): 113ba142e5524ba83927700
【结果分析】
- 加速比随线程数增加而提升,但由于内存带宽和缓存一致性开销,不能达到线性加速
- 当线程数超过CPU物理核心数时加速比提升趋缓甚至下降线程切换开销
- 效率随线程数增加而递减符合Amdahl定律
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任务5选做matmult.c
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【要求】
编写N×N矩阵乘法的并行线程化版本设计验证方案。
【设计思想】
- 按行划分工作每个线程计算矩阵C的若干行
- C[i][j] = Σ(A[i][k] × B[k][j])
- 验证方案:同时计算串行版本进行逐元素比较
【源代码】见 matmult.c
【编译】
gcc -Wall -pthread -O2 -o matmult matmult.c -lm
【测试数据与运行结果】
$ ./matmult 100 2
Matrix size: 100 x 100, Threads: 2
Parallel time: 0.000565 s
Serial time: 0.000379 s
Speedup: 0.6705
Efficiency: 0.3352
Verification: SUCCESS
注:小矩阵时线程创建开销大于计算收益,加速比可能<1。N越大加速效果越明显。
【不同线程数性能对比N=1024
线程数(t) 1 2 4 8 16
运行时间Tp
加速比Sp
效率Ep
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任务6选做task66.c
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
【要求】
测量和比较fork()与pthread_create()函数调用的执行时间。
【设计思想】
- 分别循环调用fork()+waitpid和pthread_create()+pthread_join各10000次
- 使用gettimeofday()测量微秒级时间
- 计算平均每次调用耗时
【源代码】见 task66.c
【编译】
gcc -Wall -pthread -O2 -o task66 task66.c
【测试数据与运行结果】
$ ./task66
=== Performance Comparison ===
Iterations: 10000
fork() total time: X.XXXXXX s (avg: XXX.XXX us)
pthread_create() total time: X.XXXXXX s (avg: XXX.XXX us)
Ratio (fork/pthread): XX.XXx
【结果分析】
fork()比pthread_create()慢很多通常数十倍到数百倍因为fork()需要:
1. 复制整个父进程的地址空间(页表、堆、栈等)
2. 创建新的进程控制块(PCB)
3. 分配新的PID
而pthread_create()仅需:
1. 分配线程栈通常几MB
2. 创建线程控制块(TCB)
3. 与所属进程共享地址空间
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任务7选做task67.c
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
【要求】
编写动态线程池管理程序,支持任务队列、动态扩缩容。
【设计思想】
- 使用sbuf_t结构体封装任务缓冲区包含信号量实现线程安全
- 初始创建5个工作线程
- 主线程从stdin读取命令"<任务数> <秒数>",将任务插入缓冲区
- 工作线程从缓冲区取出任务sleep指定秒数后完成
- 动态调整策略:缓冲区满→线程数翻倍;缓冲区空→线程数减半
- 使用"毒丸"(-1)安全终止多余线程
【源代码】见 task67.c
【编译】
gcc -Wall -pthread -O2 -o task67 task67.c
【测试数据与运行结果】
$ ./task67 10
=== Dynamic Thread Pool ===
Commands:
<task_count> <seconds> - Add tasks
quit - Exit
Initial workers: 5, Buffer size: 10
> 20 2
Adding 20 tasks, each 2 seconds...
Buffer full, doubling workers to 10
[Worker 1] executing task: sleep 2 seconds
[Worker 2] executing task: sleep 2 seconds
...
Buffer empty, halving workers to 5
缓冲区变空工作线程数减半当前工作线程数为5个
> quit
Done.
【验证方案】
- 手动验证:通过观察输出确认线程数变化信息正确
- 代码逻辑验证通过sem_getvalue检查缓冲区状态确需调整时执行相应操作
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五、实验分析与总结
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任务2分析
badcount.c出现竞态条件的根本原因是counter++非原子操作。在并发环境下,
读-改-写三个步骤可能被其他线程打断。使用信号量sem_t mutex将临界区保护
起来后确保互斥访问解决了数据不一致问题。当niters较小时竞态条件发生概率
增大niters后出错概率显著提升。
任务3分析
生产者-消费者问题通过三个信号量解决mutex互斥、slots空槽计数
items数据项计数。验证方案通过对比生产总和与消费总和确保程序正确性
该方案虽非形式化验证,但能有效检测数据丢失或重复问题。
任务4分析
多线程并行求和的加速比受Amdahl定律约束。串行部分线程创建、互斥锁、
结果合并限制了最大加速比。当线程数等于CPU物理核心数时通常获得最佳
加速比。超过物理核心数后,线程上下文切换开销增大,效率下降。
任务5分析
矩阵乘法是计算密集型任务,具有良好的并行性。通过按行划分数据,各线程
工作负载均衡。验证方案通过串行版本对比确保正确。当N较大≥512
并行版本展现出良好的加速比。N较小时线程开销大于计算收益。
任务6分析
fork()创建进程的开销远大于pthread_create()创建线程。进程拥有独立的地址空间,
创建时需要复制页表等数据结构;线程共享地址空间,创建开销主要是分配栈空间。
这解释了为什么在高并发场景中多线程优于多进程。
任务7分析
动态线程池能根据负载情况自适应调整线程数量,避免线程过多浪费资源或线程
过少导致任务积压。使用信号量实现缓冲区的线程安全操作是标准的解决思路。
该设计可用于实际的任务调度系统如Web服务器的线程池、数据库连接池等
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